. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by Donald W. Hood and John A. Calder . Figure 6-1. Geographical location and bathymetry of the Norton Sound region. Ice growth continues southward until, by mid- December, the entire sound is more or less covered. This ice cover, which usually persists until April or May, consists primarily of loose pack m thick except for shorefast ice near shore and for some distance offshore in the region of the Yukon River Delta. Direct observations of the ice cover are limited, and much information on its distribution and extent
. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by Donald W. Hood and John A. Calder . Figure 6-1. Geographical location and bathymetry of the Norton Sound region. Ice growth continues southward until, by mid- December, the entire sound is more or less covered. This ice cover, which usually persists until April or May, consists primarily of loose pack m thick except for shorefast ice near shore and for some distance offshore in the region of the Yukon River Delta. Direct observations of the ice cover are limited, and much information on its distribution and extent has been obtained through the use of satellite data (Muench and Ahlnas 1976, Ahlnas and Wendler 1979). During winter the ice cover would be expected to markedly reduce air-sea exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum. This would mitigate effects on the water of low air temperatures and winter storms. Oceanographic background Our existing knowledge of northern Bering Sea circulation before the present series of studies was summarized by Coachman et al. (1975). The regional circulation is dominated by a northward net water transport of about X 10^ m^/sec over the shelf between Norton Sound and Siberia. [Editorial note: this value may be high. See next chapter. ] More recently Muench et al. (1978), on the basis of near-bottom recorded current measurements, have reported northward net flow southeast of St. Law- rence Island and in Bering Strait from October 1975 through April 1977. They also noted that the currents were characterized by north-south flow events having
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