This map shows the world according to Ibn Haukal. Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal, also known as Abū al-Qāsim b. ʻAlī Ibn Ḥawqal al-Naṣībī and Ibn Haukal, was born in Nisibis in Upper Mesopotamia. He was a 10th-century Arab Muslim writer, geographer, and chronicler who traveled during the years 943 to 969 AD. His famed work, written in 977 AD, is called Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ (“The face of the Earth"). The date of his death, known from his writings, was after 978 AD.

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