. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. stles of St. Paul, who alludes to it as especially worn by holymen and prophets, when they were driven by threats of persecution intothe desert. The cuculla covered the head, and came half-way over theshoulders. St. Benedict, who borrowed it from the early monks, had it somuch lengthened as to envelop the whole body; but as in this shape itwould have embarrassed the monks in their manual labour, he made it agarment only to be worn at ceremonials, and replaced it for ordinarywear by the scapulary (scapulum),
. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. stles of St. Paul, who alludes to it as especially worn by holymen and prophets, when they were driven by threats of persecution intothe desert. The cuculla covered the head, and came half-way over theshoulders. St. Benedict, who borrowed it from the early monks, had it somuch lengthened as to envelop the whole body; but as in this shape itwould have embarrassed the monks in their manual labour, he made it agarment only to be worn at ceremonials, and replaced it for ordinarywear by the scapulary (scapulum), which covered the head and the back. THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS. 300 The Western monks also wore a short mantle—a sort of cape, called amaforte, according to Sulpicius Severus. The Greeks and Orientals adoptedthe pallium, which led to their being designated agmina palliata (an army inrobes), when they assembled in large numbers. Every Greek who devotedhimself to the cenobitic life was compelled to wear a black pallium. Pope Gregory the Great, who had been a Benedictine, was most ardent. Fig. 240.—St. Radegonde, Wife of King Clotaire (Sixth Century), receiving the religious garbfrom the hands of St. Medard, Bishop of Noyon.— Histoire et Cronicque de Clotaire (16mo,Paris, Jean Mesnage, 1513). in the establishment of monasteries, of which he himself founded a largenumber. He was the chief promoter of two important missions which tookplace in 585 and 596 ; the first in Gaul, consisting of missionaries fromIreland, headed by St. Golumba and St. Gall; the second in Great Britain,with monks from the Abbey of St. Andrew, headed by another monk,St. Augustine. This latter, who converted the Anglians and their king,Ethelbert, was the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Colomba founded theAbbey of Luxeuil, upon the southern side of the Vosgian forests; while 3io THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS. Gall, his disciple, much younger than himself, penetrated into the country ofthe Helvetians, who were as deeply
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