. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. Male(20%) Female(54%). Female(80%) Figure 6. The relative contribution of each adult to feeding the kits in six families. Adult distances from the kits As shown in Figure 9, females spent most of their time at the den in contact with the kits (35 %), with- in 1 m (25%) and between 1 to 10 m (25 %) of the kits. Males, on the other hand, spent most of their time between 1 to 10 m (35 %), and between 10 to 20 m (19%) from the nearest kit. Males spent a higher proportion of their time than females at dis- tances of 20 to 50 m (females 5 %, males 13
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. Male(20%) Female(54%). Female(80%) Figure 6. The relative contribution of each adult to feeding the kits in six families. Adult distances from the kits As shown in Figure 9, females spent most of their time at the den in contact with the kits (35 %), with- in 1 m (25%) and between 1 to 10 m (25 %) of the kits. Males, on the other hand, spent most of their time between 1 to 10 m (35 %), and between 10 to 20 m (19%) from the nearest kit. Males spent a higher proportion of their time than females at dis- tances of 20 to 50 m (females 5 %, males 13 %) and 50 to 100 m (females 2 %, males 14 %). For the seven distance categories in Figure 9, a chi-square test of independence provides strong evidence that females remain closer to kits than do males (x2 = , df= 6, P< ). Patterns of parental care: presence of helpers There were differences in parental behaviour between males and females, as well as between females of different families and males of different families (Vergara 1996 provides behavioural details for each individual). Furthermore, two fam- ilies (Knox and Keene) had quite attentive fathers and an additional non-breeding adult (helper) that contributed to raising the young. The Keene helper was a female. Her gender was confirmed when the animal rolled over on its back or sat on its haunch- es. Also a squatting urination was observed. She visited the den site as often as the breeding female ( visits/hour, Figure 2), showed the same behaviours than the adult female (excluding nurs- ing) indicative of parental attentiveness, and con- tributed 41 % of the food items brought to the kits. The Knox third adult was only observed once, and. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. Ottawa, Ottawa F
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