. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography LANDSAT-1 AND OPTICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 111 Fig. 8. Values of H(0,-) observed by Tyler and Smith (1970) in the Gulf Stream at 25° 45 W on 3 July 1967 are used in Eq. (16). The dashed lines are for values of bp/bw - 32, av = and are representative of Gulf Stream waters. The solid lines use bp/bw = 128, ay = â and are representative of coastal waters (compare the /=0 case with the insert to Fig. 1). Bp = for these calculations (cf. Fig. 2
. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography LANDSAT-1 AND OPTICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 111 Fig. 8. Values of H(0,-) observed by Tyler and Smith (1970) in the Gulf Stream at 25° 45 W on 3 July 1967 are used in Eq. (16). The dashed lines are for values of bp/bw - 32, av = and are representative of Gulf Stream waters. The solid lines use bp/bw = 128, ay = â and are representative of coastal waters (compare the /=0 case with the insert to Fig. 1). Bp = for these calculations (cf. Fig. 2 and 3.). Consider the spectrum where 10% of the sea is covered, and the spectrum where no white caps or foam are present. Not only has the intensity changed but the shape is also altered. The solar spectrum is fairly flat in the visible region: 7/(0,-) @ 550 nm+H(0,-)@ 650 nm » High sea states, which reflect nonselectively, will add relatively more long wavelength energy to the upwelling irradiance. Clark, Ewing, and Lorenzen (1970) have attempted to minimize these effects in the measurement of ocean spectra from aircraft by observing the ocean at Brewster's angle (directed away from the sun) through a polarizing filter. The degree to which these calcula- tions affect their results is not known. For LANDSAT-1, the MSS views the earth at angles ±5° from the nadir without polarizing filters. The sun's glit- ter affects the upwelling radiance (Strong, 1973), and this is a function of the solar declination. Similarly other sea state effects on the upwelling spectra change the radiance in an MSS band. In Fig. 9(a) the irradiance is plotted as a function of / for the central wave- length of the MSS-4 and MSS-5. The curves are linear as expected from Eq. (16) and are wavelength dependent. At 550 nm the irradiance increases more quickly with / than at 650 nm. This is due to the shape of the solar spectrum and the ratio discussed above. In 550 nm 650nm * = .
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