. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. consideredespecially full of disaffection. Most of the national leaderswere in exile. When Pius IX returned to Rome, he granted anamnesty to the rebels against his power, but there were 283exceptions! The rule of King Ferdinand of Naples was notori-ously severe. King Bomba his groaning people called prisons and galleys were filled with political offenders; andeven the Powers opposed to the Italian patriots deplored hisabsurd tyranny as sure to lead to bloody rebellion. Some of 1 It is well to recall that at this time the
. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. consideredespecially full of disaffection. Most of the national leaderswere in exile. When Pius IX returned to Rome, he granted anamnesty to the rebels against his power, but there were 283exceptions! The rule of King Ferdinand of Naples was notori-ously severe. King Bomba his groaning people called prisons and galleys were filled with political offenders; andeven the Powers opposed to the Italian patriots deplored hisabsurd tyranny as sure to lead to bloody rebellion. Some of 1 It is well to recall that at this time the Italian states were: (i) The PapalStates; (2) the Austrian provinces (Lombardy and Venetia); (3) the King-dom of Sardinia; (4) the Kingdom of Naples; (5, 6, 7) the Grand Duchies ofModena, Tuscany, and Parma. HOW CAVOUR MADE ITALY 481 the other states were hardly better. In 1854, the Duke ofParma was murdered in the public street after a reign markedby reckless despotism. The Dukes of Tuscany and Modena,though somewhat more reasonable, were princes of the Aus-. Ceded to France 1 860 DATES show the years of annexationto tne Kingdom of Sardinia, to makea United ItalyLombard* and Venetia were AustrianProvinces before their annexation I 10° Longitude East 12°from Greenwich 14° ITALY SINCE 1848 trian line and took their orders from Vienna. Seldom had therebeen a more miserable time in the beautiful yet often oppressedpeninsula of Italy than in these early fifties. 282. Cavoufs policy in Sardinia (1849-58). In only onequarter was there a promise of better things. In Sardi- 482 HISTORY OF EUROPE nia1 reigned Victor Emmanuel (1849-78), a man of singu-lar loyalty, integrity, and open-mindedness. He came of the House of Savoy, an old dynasty that had produced no worldconquerors, but many highly capable princes. A great geniusthe king was not, but he loved his country, he kept faith withhis people, and he had an unselfish ambition to serve do right in counting him the rea
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