. Principles and practice of plumbing . tight. As it is almost an impossibility tomake a tight joint using a rough gasket against a roughand irregular earth- enware surface, the ^ ^ plumber falls backon putty or paste ofsome kind to makethe joint tight, us-ing it with the gas-ket, and to keep thejoint tight until ithas passed all joints are notlasting, however, al-though they arefairly satisfactory when used in connection with a flexiblefitting. The only sanitary types of flanges recognized as suchare the metal-to-metal flanges. One flange of this type,known as the Standard Ball Joi
. Principles and practice of plumbing . tight. As it is almost an impossibility tomake a tight joint using a rough gasket against a roughand irregular earth- enware surface, the ^ ^ plumber falls backon putty or paste ofsome kind to makethe joint tight, us-ing it with the gas-ket, and to keep thejoint tight until ithas passed all joints are notlasting, however, al-though they arefairly satisfactory when used in connection with a flexiblefitting. The only sanitary types of flanges recognized as suchare the metal-to-metal flanges. One flange of this type,known as the Standard Ball Joint, is shown in section inFig. 158. This is what would be called a ground joint madeon the well-known ball-and-socket principle. It is madetight in the factory, and when used in connection with aflexible fitting is one of the best closet floor flanges on themarket. Another metal-to-metal closet floor flange, known as thePres-0-Flex, is shown in Fig. 159. This is a flexible con-nection, so constructed that it will stretch or collapse to. Fig. loSStantlarcl Ball Joint Digitized by Microsoft® 348 Principles and Practice of Plumbing take care of any reasonable settlement, shrinkage, or othermovement of the piping or building. This flange, like theBall-joint, is made tight at the factory, and tested beforebeing sent out, which ought to be required of any flangebefore specifying. If the maker is not willing to stand backof his goods for five years, the specifying architects cannotbe expected to have much confidence in it. Flush Tanks.—Water closets should always be flushedwith water from flush tanks, or through specially con-structed flush valves. There are two reasons for theserequirements: First, the flush pipe or flush valve will be of Base of^C/ase/\
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