. Introduction to botany. Botany. 180 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY 171. Principles upon which wheat breeding depends.^ The work of the earliest breeders of wheat was not based on any general knowledge of the laws of plant variation and inheri- tance. The principles of breeding, as applied to the small grains, were first worked out by Professor W. M. Hays ojf the University of Minne- sota Agricultural Experi- ment Station, and by Dr. Hjalmar Nilsson, director of the experiment station at Svalof, Sweden. Some of the main principles upon wluch wheat breeding de- pends may be stated as follows: 1. Every
. Introduction to botany. Botany. 180 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY 171. Principles upon which wheat breeding depends.^ The work of the earliest breeders of wheat was not based on any general knowledge of the laws of plant variation and inheri- tance. The principles of breeding, as applied to the small grains, were first worked out by Professor W. M. Hays ojf the University of Minne- sota Agricultural Experi- ment Station, and by Dr. Hjalmar Nilsson, director of the experiment station at Svalof, Sweden. Some of the main principles upon wluch wheat breeding de- pends may be stated as follows: 1. Every species of cereal usually comprises many well-marked varieties, or, as they are sometimes called, elementary species. Some- times several hundreds of these are included in each of the longest-cultivated spe- The hybrid is in the middle. It is somewhat . . ii ⢠â f intermediate between the parents, being CICS 01 gram ; tms IS notaDly true in the case of wheat. 2. The varieties, while still growing in the field, may be distinguished by such botanical characters as the position, shape, size, and bearded or beardless condition of the head ; the form, size, and appendages of the spikelets which it contains; and the size, shape, color, and hardness of the grain.*^ 1 See De Vries, Plant Breeding. The < )ix'n Court Publishing Company, Chicago. 2 The hardness cannot be accurately known until the grain is ripe and Pig. 155. A hybrid wheat and the parent forms nearly (though not quite) beardless, like the right-hand parent, with a length of head intermediate between the two and with the grains and their covering bracts stout, as in the left-hand parent. Photograph by Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917;
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