. Coastal changes, eastern Lake Michigan, 1970-1974. Coast changes. I ^ a. 5 2 o I *4^^^^^^s;fe 0 •- 0 Locotion A Ludington 0 Muskegon Worren Dunes Observations 513 840 713. Jon. Feb. Mar. Apr. Moy June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Figure 8. Variation in average monthly breaking wave statistics for three eastern Lake Michigan locations, November 1971 to October 1975. hindcasted design wave data for the study area. They computed design wave heights and periods for waves from three directions, for each season, and for return periods of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years. The highe
. Coastal changes, eastern Lake Michigan, 1970-1974. Coast changes. I ^ a. 5 2 o I *4^^^^^^s;fe 0 •- 0 Locotion A Ludington 0 Muskegon Worren Dunes Observations 513 840 713. Jon. Feb. Mar. Apr. Moy June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Figure 8. Variation in average monthly breaking wave statistics for three eastern Lake Michigan locations, November 1971 to October 1975. hindcasted design wave data for the study area. They computed design wave heights and periods for waves from three directions, for each season, and for return periods of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years. The highest calculated waves were found to occur during the winter season (January, February, and March). This indicates that the March data, shown in Figure 8, probably underestimate the actual wave heights. It also underscores the combined importance of storm occurrence and ice breakup on bluff recession. 5. Slope Failure. Bluff erosion is a two-step process—erosion of the base of the bluff by wave action, followed by gravity failure of the bluff slope. This process results in new material being deposited at the base of the bluff continuing the cycle. The basic mechanisms for slope failure are falls, rotational slumps, and soil flows (Chieruzzi, and Baker, 1958). Falls occur when rocks or blocks of bluff material are undercut enough to drop on the beach. This type of action occurred at profile line 13. Rotational slumps are the result of shear fail- ure along a "slip circle" (Edil and Vallejo, 1976), causing a major movement of the bluff face or some section of it. This type of failure was important at profile line 17 (see photo in App. B). Soil flow generally occurs when ground water saturates a clay bluff, increasing the specific weight and reduc- ing the internal shear stress (Carter, 1976). This mechanism may also be important at profile line 17. 17. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readabi
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