. Electric railway journal . R 25-ft. Spiral 50-ft. Spiral R A V X V 52 .60 7 52 .42 52 .31 57 .25 51 .70 37 .93 31 .03 Connecticut Way—Standard Branch-off Clearance Curves laid in 33-ft. lengths with eighteen ties per rail. The ballastis of trap rock or gravel, the minimum being 6 in. under thetie at the


. Electric railway journal . R 25-ft. Spiral 50-ft. Spiral R A V X V 52 .60 7 52 .42 52 .31 57 .25 51 .70 37 .93 31 .03 Connecticut Way—Standard Branch-off Clearance Curves laid in 33-ft. lengths with eighteen ties per rail. The ballastis of trap rock or gravel, the minimum being 6 in. under thetie at the center of the fill. A 3-in. crown is given to thesub-grade. Embankments more than 16 ft. high are 16 ft. carhouses. Two accompanying illustrations show an im-portant Manard steel center layout furnished in 1909 by thePennsylvania Steel Company for the City Hall loop atHartford. Another illustration shows a type 24 Barbour-. Connecticut Way—Standard 25-Ft. Spirals and Easements wide at sub-grade. Cuts in rock are 16 ft. wide at sub-gradeand 20 ft. wide when cut in earth. Rock slopes are ,T4 to 1,and earth slopes, while varying with the nature of thematerial, are sometimes as much as 1 to 1. Stockwell crossing, containing solid manganese in the steamrun, which was installed at New Britain in 1910 on the mainline of the New Haven railroad between Hartford andWaterbury. 334 ELECTRIC RAILWAY JOURNAL [Vol. XLII, No. 9. Systems of standard spirals and easements, standardbranch-off clearance curves and switch radii have been de-veloped as reproduced in accompanying drawings andtables. A switch radius of 200 ft. is standard on all turn-outs and on the inside curve of all double-track branch-offs. The turnouts have no guard rails. A switch radiusof 100 ft. is used in special layouts, depending upon theradius of the outside curve, and in cross-overs of emer-gency character. The standard branch-off clearance curve


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