. Electric railway journal . w upon the outboard edge of theapron or else manually by moving a small valve handlein the vestibule. The motion is not only downward butbackward as well and it is so rapid that the eye cannotfollow it. The movement diagonally downward to the rails iscalculated to take one-eightieth part of a second, theactual speed at which the fender travels being twicethat of a street car moving at full speed. In conse-quence, the apron, when it is dropped automatically,must actually withdraw from contact with the oppos- fender, whether automatic or by the motorman, simul-taneou
. Electric railway journal . w upon the outboard edge of theapron or else manually by moving a small valve handlein the vestibule. The motion is not only downward butbackward as well and it is so rapid that the eye cannotfollow it. The movement diagonally downward to the rails iscalculated to take one-eightieth part of a second, theactual speed at which the fender travels being twicethat of a street car moving at full speed. In conse-quence, the apron, when it is dropped automatically,must actually withdraw from contact with the oppos- fender, whether automatic or by the motorman, simul-taneously drops the fender and sets the brakes. Thefender also permits the installation and operation of awheelguard, and is adjustable to any height above therails. Continuing the committee reported that no op-portunity had been presented for testing the fender inactual service, but that the objectionable features, whichhad caused it to say in its report of Dec. 29, 1908, thatmis fender was not applicable to New York City service. AIR-OPERATED FENDER—FRONT VIEW, SHOWING OPERATINGVALVE CONNECTED TO AIR-BRAKE PIPING conditions, had been eliminated in the present con-struction. The new design differs from the original mainlybecause the apron swings downward and backward in-stead of being pressed straight down by direct-actingair cylinders. The principle of pneumatic control, how-ever, is the same as in the early type of Nelson fenderwhich has been attracting much attention on the Pacific 724 ELECTRIC RAILWAY JOURNAL [Vol. XLV, No. 15 Coast during the past three years. This fender firstbecame prominent four years ago, when exhaustivefender and wheelguard tests in Portland, Ore., wereconducted jointly by the city and the street railwayofficials. The tests lasted more than a year, and overforty different devices were tried out. As a result theair fender has replaced wheelguards on all the air-equipped cars in Portland, where the narrow streetsand congested traffic make severe conditions
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