. The Canadian field-naturalist. 364 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 87 again approached the company, whereupon the pattern was repeated. The approach of Stag 25 and Stag 13 on October 5 demonstrated this threatening be- havior (Figure 3). Stag 25 was usually asso- ciated with the does with Stag 8 but keeping well away from him. He established himself as the second ranking member by defeating Stag 21 in a dominance battle on October 5. It was his habit as the second ranking male to approach new stags and establish his position over them by sparring. Yearlings and small- and medium-antlered
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 364 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 87 again approached the company, whereupon the pattern was repeated. The approach of Stag 25 and Stag 13 on October 5 demonstrated this threatening be- havior (Figure 3). Stag 25 was usually asso- ciated with the does with Stag 8 but keeping well away from him. He established himself as the second ranking member by defeating Stag 21 in a dominance battle on October 5. It was his habit as the second ranking male to approach new stags and establish his position over them by sparring. Yearlings and small- and medium-antlered stags frequently sparred in non-belligerent fighting which I have called mock battles. These sparring matches were continually in progress and it was not unusual to see three pairs of stags sparring at the same moment at Mount Albert. Yearlings were not always conditioned to the punishment they received. Two yearlings at Mount Albert were seen to disengage with con- siderable shaking of their heads with one of these animals running and bucking after break- ing off the action; this is similar to calf be- havior. Figure 4 graphically portrays the results of 64 mock battles at Mount Albert. No interac- tions were recorded between medium and year- ling stags. Yearlings and two-year-old stags commonly sparred together, the younger ani- mals invariably quitting first. Likewise, small stags (most three-year-old animals) dominated over two-year-olds. Medium stags most fre- quently sparred among themselves. In six matches the superior animal could not be dis- tinguished (Figure 4). As a rule, large stags did not spar. An exception was Stag 25 who was in an intermediate position between the truly large stags and the average medium-sized Figure 5. A tending stag approaching a doe in a low-stretch position, licking (a slurping display).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea
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