. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography New York-New Jersey shelf 87 bank-channel topography (Fig. 19). The characteristic estuarine two-layer flow is present as indicated schematically in Fig. 19B. The less saline upper water has a re- sidual seaward flow, and the more saline lower water has a residual landward flow. As a consequence of the Coriolis effect, the interface is tilted so that the east side of the harbor mouth is flood dominated while the upper level of the west side is ebb d
. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography New York-New Jersey shelf 87 bank-channel topography (Fig. 19). The characteristic estuarine two-layer flow is present as indicated schematically in Fig. 19B. The less saline upper water has a re- sidual seaward flow, and the more saline lower water has a residual landward flow. As a consequence of the Coriolis effect, the interface is tilted so that the east side of the harbor mouth is flood dominated while the upper level of the west side is ebb domi- nated. The distribution of isovels in Fig. 19A suggests that this basic pattern has been modified by the frictional retardation of the tidal wave in the shallow estuary and the resulting phase lag (Swift and Ludwick in press). Because of retardation, there is a brief period during the tidal cycle when the estuary tide is still ebbing through the central channel while the shelf tide has al- ready turned and is flooding on either side of the ebb tidal jet. This flow pattern, in- tegrated over the tidal cycle, results in greater ebb than flood discharge in the central channel (ebb dominance) and greater flood than ebb discharge in the marginal zones (flood dominance; Fig. 19C). It is probably because of this lag- induced flow interpenetration that the Sandy Hook Channel is not completely ebb dominated as required by the two-layer, SANDY HOOK 0 0 fc—r^- » KILOMETERS 4 ROCKAWAY 8. Fig. 19. A—Profile across the Hudson estuary mouth (mouth of New York Harbor), contoured for velocity residua! to the semidiurnal cycle. Pattern is interpreted as a resultant response to component patterns shown in B and C. B—Schematic diagram of two-layered, density-driven estuary flow. C— Schematic diagram of pattern resulting from phase lag of the tidal wave. (Modified from data of Kao 1975; reprinted from Duedall et al. in press by permission of Estuarine and Coastal Marine Sciertce.) 983
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