The physical geography of New York state . 5-294; Russell, Annals New YorkAcad. Sci., I, 1879, 220-254; Russell, Bull. 85, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1892. 5Mather, Geology of New York, Part I, 1843 278-285; 465-487; 534-541; Wurtz,Proc. New York Lyceum Nat. Hist., I, 1870, 99-105; Darton, Bulletin 67, U. S. , 1890; New Jersey Reports, especially Kummel, Annual Report for 1897,23-149. e Mather, Geology of New York, Part I, 1843, 441-464; 525-534; Gale, same, 581-604;Britton, Annals New York Acad. Sci., II, 1882, 161-184; Transactions of same, VI,1886, 12-18; also references for Taconic Pro
The physical geography of New York state . 5-294; Russell, Annals New YorkAcad. Sci., I, 1879, 220-254; Russell, Bull. 85, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1892. 5Mather, Geology of New York, Part I, 1843 278-285; 465-487; 534-541; Wurtz,Proc. New York Lyceum Nat. Hist., I, 1870, 99-105; Darton, Bulletin 67, U. S. , 1890; New Jersey Reports, especially Kummel, Annual Report for 1897,23-149. e Mather, Geology of New York, Part I, 1843, 441-464; 525-534; Gale, same, 581-604;Britton, Annals New York Acad. Sci., II, 1882, 161-184; Transactions of same, VI,1886, 12-18; also references for Taconic Province (p. 4); Kemp, Trans. New YorkAcad. Sci., VII, 1887, 49-64. Physiographic Provinces 3 hills rising in some places to an elevation of 1,000 or1,200 feet above sea level. Where there is limestone orsandstone in this area, there is usually a lowland, whileaway from the seashore, highlands occur wherever the hardgneiss comes to the surface. This is extremely well illus-trated in Rockland County, where the gneissic Ramapo EDWIN E FIG. 1. Relief map of the Middle Atlantic States, to show thephysiographic position of >lew York. Mountains are faced at their southeastern base by a low-land, a somewhat rolling plain, which, however, is boundedby another highland on its eastern margin where the trapof the Palisades (Fig. 20) rises close by the Hudson many points near the eastern boundary of this high-land region the Ramapo Mountains rise to a height of1,100 or 1,200 feet above sea level, while the averageelevation of the hills on the sandstone plain at its base 4 The Physical Geography of Neiv York State is not more than one-half this. The highlands of thePalisades in some places rise to 700 or 800 feet abovethe sea. It would be possible to subdivide this province; andindeed it would be necessary to do so if we were to ex-tend our examination of the surface into minute are: (1) The low hills and highlands of the im-mediate coast, including all of N
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