. A commentary on the scientific writings of J. Willard Gibbs. Gibbs, Joniah Willard, 1839-1908; Science; Thermodynamics. THERMODYNAMICAL SYSTEM OF GIBBS 113 Thus, at constant temperature, the pressure is in general a maximum or a minimum when the composition (, the pro- portions of the two components) of the two phases is identical. Similarly, it can be shown that, at constant pressure, the tem- perature of the two coexistent phases is in general a maximum or a minimum when the composition of the two phases is identical. Applying these relations to the equilibrium between a binary liquid
. A commentary on the scientific writings of J. Willard Gibbs. Gibbs, Joniah Willard, 1839-1908; Science; Thermodynamics. THERMODYNAMICAL SYSTEM OF GIBBS 113 Thus, at constant temperature, the pressure is in general a maximum or a minimum when the composition (, the pro- portions of the two components) of the two phases is identical. Similarly, it can be shown that, at constant pressure, the tem- perature of the two coexistent phases is in general a maximum or a minimum when the composition of the two phases is identical. Applying these relations to the equilibrium between a binary liquid and its vapor, we see that (1) at constant temperature the vapor pressure is a maximum or a minimum when the vapor has the same composition as the liquid, and (2) the. % Benzene Fig. 2 100 temperature at which the two phases are in equilibrium at constant pressure, , the boiling point, is a maximum or a minimum when the composition of the two phases is identical. These rules were arrived at independently by Konowalow.* As an example of this behavior. Figure 2 shows the boiling points and compositions of the liquid and vapor phases of ethyl alcohol and benzene. Similarly, the temperature at which a binary liquid is in equilibrium with a solid phase, which may be a solid solution of the same components (mixed crystals) or a compound of * Wied. Annalen, 14, 48, (1881).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Donnan, F. G. (Frederick George), 1870-1956; Haas, Arthur Erich, 1884-1941. New Haven, Yale University Press; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press
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