Archive image from page 684 of The cyclopædia of anatomy and. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology cyclopdiaofana0401todd Year: 1847 SKELETON. GG3 (fig. 483.) are alike as to those segments which constitute them one and all. Those segments are the scapula (a, a), the humerus (b, b), the fore-arm bones (c, d), the carpal ossicles (<',/), and the metacarpo-phalangeal series (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Every species of 'the fore member produces these segments in- variably ; I say invariably, for I am not now referring to their pathological state. When I compare all fore-limbs by the scapula (#) or p
Archive image from page 684 of The cyclopædia of anatomy and. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology cyclopdiaofana0401todd Year: 1847 SKELETON. GG3 (fig. 483.) are alike as to those segments which constitute them one and all. Those segments are the scapula (a, a), the humerus (b, b), the fore-arm bones (c, d), the carpal ossicles (<',/), and the metacarpo-phalangeal series (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Every species of 'the fore member produces these segments in- variably ; I say invariably, for I am not now referring to their pathological state. When I compare all fore-limbs by the scapula (#) or proximal segment, I find that this bone is invariably present, though very much modified in several animals. As all scapulary organs of mammals, birds, reptiles (and I would add the osseous fishes, but for certain facts which require previous expla- nation,) produce the bone named scapula, they may be hence termed uniform, as to this particular. The invariable occurrence of the humerus (b) renders them likewise uniform as to this segment. But though the fore-arm carpus and metacarpo-phalangeal segments are, as segments, invariably present likewise, still all fore-limbs are not equal or uniform as to the quantity contained in each of these segments. Considering the fore-limbs under general notice, I see that they are uniform by the proximal ends (a, b) of the organs, and variously by the distal or terminal appen- dages. But it is most true, nevertheless, that this variety is only quantitative, or simply a plus and minus variation, for A produces five digits, B four, c three, D two, and E only one. Of the two bones (c, d} constituting the fore-arm, that one which is most constantly developed in entire proportions is the ra- dius (c). The ulna (d) is very often reduced to almost unrecognisable dimensions (d of E) ; anil that part of the ulna which is most gene- rally metamorphosed or annihilated is its distal or carpal extremity. The olecranon process and a part of the shaft of t
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