. The economics of biodiversity loss: Scoping the science . Figure 4 A preliminary map of the global distribution of current ecosystem productivity for the service 'carbon storage' (Naidoo et al. in press). Mapping (potential) sustainable production, rather than current use For some benefits (those that involve harvesting, such as fisheries, timber production, wild meat production) there is a potential for overexploitation leading to depletion. In this case, the relevant production map needs to correspond to a map of sustainable productivity, rather than current benefit flow. For example, when
. The economics of biodiversity loss: Scoping the science . Figure 4 A preliminary map of the global distribution of current ecosystem productivity for the service 'carbon storage' (Naidoo et al. in press). Mapping (potential) sustainable production, rather than current use For some benefits (those that involve harvesting, such as fisheries, timber production, wild meat production) there is a potential for overexploitation leading to depletion. In this case, the relevant production map needs to correspond to a map of sustainable productivity, rather than current benefit flow. For example, when considering food production from fisheries, the relevant map is one of sustainable fisheries production, rather than one of current catches. Indeed, the latter is likely to reflect excessive fishing effort in some areas, which over the long-run will lead to a reduction in benefits. On the other hand, a map of current benefit flow would ignore areas where there is no present use but which may be valuable nonentheless. For example, areas too remote to contribute for current timber production may be considered to hold value for future timber (option value. Section ). Quantifying and mapping risk Biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation affect not only the flows of services and benefits, but also the resilience of systems. It is therefore crucial to attempt to quantify the extent to which a particular action (or the lack of its implementation) affects the likelihood that each service or benefit will be compromised. Knowledge on resilience and risk is even scarcer than on benefit/process production, but whenever available is should be incorporated in the economic valuation. In the thematic reviews (section 4), we collated information on the possibility of non-linearities in the production of each benefit/process, and particularly the possibility of threshold effects in which a small change in the state of wild nature could result in a disproportionate change in benefit/proces
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