. Medieval architecture, its origins and development, with lists of monuments and bibliographies. III. 94. — Plan of S. Ambrogio, IVIilan. (By F. J. Walls) pate important later developments. In speaking of Syrianarchitecture, we have already mentioned the difficulty of treat-ing the west fa9ade of a basilica, and have pointed out how 158 WESTERN TOWERS that problem had been solved in certain Syrian churches likeKalb Lauzeh (111. 57), by flanking the central gable with twotowers. Now in Carolingian times the atrium, which, to a cer-tain extent, had masked the awkwardness of the facade in theEar
. Medieval architecture, its origins and development, with lists of monuments and bibliographies. III. 94. — Plan of S. Ambrogio, IVIilan. (By F. J. Walls) pate important later developments. In speaking of Syrianarchitecture, we have already mentioned the difficulty of treat-ing the west fa9ade of a basilica, and have pointed out how 158 WESTERN TOWERS that problem had been solved in certain Syrian churches likeKalb Lauzeh (111. 57), by flanking the central gable with twotowers. Now in Carolingian times the atrium, which, to a cer-tain extent, had masked the awkwardness of the facade in theEarly Christian basilicas, had passed out of use, and the archi-tects found themselves face to face with this problem. Theysolved it precisely as the Syrians had done, by erecting twosquare towers to flank the western gable. This idea was ap-plied for the first time (as far as is known) in certain of the T-formed basilicas- of the Rhine valley—the Salvatorskircheat Frankfurt (111. 95) and possibly the basilica at Lorsch. There. III. 95. — Plan of the Sal-vatorskirche, Frankfurt.(From Wolff) is nothing to show Syrian influence in these cases. This mo-tive, which became one of the most brilliant and distinctivefeatures of the Norman and Gothic styles, was undoubtedlymerely re-invented by the Western builders. This idea of adding towers to churches was much later Carolingian buildings of Germany were sometimesprovided with as many as four towers, all attached to the build-ing, and no longer standing apart from it, in the fashion of an The VIII century church of St. Denis also had twin western towers. See Vol II, p 194. - The desifjn of all Carolinfjian facades was doubtless influenced by the fact that tlie use ofgalleries was very general during the Carolingian peri<xl. At S. Gallo, as may be seen from the plan (111. 87), there were two detached circular bell-towers. 159 CAROLINGIAN ARCHITECTURE Italian campanile. The buildings of this school were regularlysupp
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