The physiology of the circulation in plants : in the lower animals, and in man : being a course of lectures delivered at surgeons' hall to the president, fellows, etc of the Royal college of surgeons of Edinburgh, in the summer of 1872 . taking refuge in terms. Either a muscle (or parts thereof) is oris not active. When it is not in a state of activity, it is in thecondition of rest, so that the phrase passive contraction, so fre-quently employed, has no meaning. I propose, therefore, forthese and other reasons, to abandon the terms contraction andrelaxation, as being inapplicable to muscular
The physiology of the circulation in plants : in the lower animals, and in man : being a course of lectures delivered at surgeons' hall to the president, fellows, etc of the Royal college of surgeons of Edinburgh, in the summer of 1872 . taking refuge in terms. Either a muscle (or parts thereof) is oris not active. When it is not in a state of activity, it is in thecondition of rest, so that the phrase passive contraction, so fre-quently employed, has no meaning. I propose, therefore, forthese and other reasons, to abandon the terms contraction andrelaxation, as being inapplicable to muscular movements, andto substitute for them the more simple ones of shortening andelongating, as applied to long muscles; and closing and opening, asapplied to hollow muscles. By the shortening or closing of amuscle, I mean its centripetal action, that action by which itsparticles converge and crowd towards a certain point; by theelongating or opening of a muscle, I mean its centrifugal action,that action by which its particles diverge or escape from a certainpoint. These movements are not equally rapid, .but they areequally independent and vital in their My meaning willbe obvious from the annexed woodcuts. Fig. 116. Fig. Fig. 116.—Elementary fibres from leg of newly-born rabbit after having been exposed tothe action of spirit. Shows longitudinal and transverse cleavage, and the manner in whichthe sarcous elements or cubes (a, a) may become detached.—After Bowman. Fig. 117.—A, Sarcous element or cube capable of changing shape in any direction (videarrows). B, Same element when elongated vertically. C, IMtto when elongated horizon-tally. The position of rest, and the form of B and C when at rest, is that represented at 1 Dr Martin Barry endeavoured to explain muscular actions by assuming thatthe sarcous elements were arranged as in a spiral spring ; but neither the dis-position of the dark and light squares, nor their mode of action, favours thisview. T
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