. Insect and disease conditions in the United States, 1979-83 : what else is growing in our forests?. Forest insects United States; Trees Diseases and pests United States; Plants Disease and pest resistance. Nursery Pests 65 importance of reforestation and began to build their own nurseries. Early pest management could rely on labor-intensive practices because labor costs were low and most nurseries were small. Hand weeding and removing dead and damaged seedlings from seedbeds were affordable management practices that reduced the risk of catastrophic pest outbreaks and subsequent losses. Pesti
. Insect and disease conditions in the United States, 1979-83 : what else is growing in our forests?. Forest insects United States; Trees Diseases and pests United States; Plants Disease and pest resistance. Nursery Pests 65 importance of reforestation and began to build their own nurseries. Early pest management could rely on labor-intensive practices because labor costs were low and most nurseries were small. Hand weeding and removing dead and damaged seedlings from seedbeds were affordable management practices that reduced the risk of catastrophic pest outbreaks and subsequent losses. Pesticides, when used, were relatively non- specific. Pest-damaged or other- wise inferior seedlings were culled before shipping, and seed- lings were graded into quality classes. Today, nurseries are larger, and labor costs are higher Although seedling grading and culling have nearly disappeared, managers are still practicing in- tensive pest management. By 1980, about 40 percent of the forest nurseries were located in 13 Southeastern States (fig. 3). These southern nurseries supplied billion seedlings, or 75 per- cent of the Nation's seedling needs (Cordell 1981). At the same time, just under half the acreage reforested in 1980 was located in the South. In the South, the seedling crop grown on one acre—about three- fourths of a million seedlings- is worth between $15,000 and $20,000. Without good pest Figure 3. Location of major forest nurseries in the United States in 1980. In the South, a little over half of the nurseries are privately owned by forest industry; the States operate the remainder, except for one nursery that is Federally operated. Outside the South, a much larger proportion of the nurseries are run by State and Federal agencies. • *. I Location of nurseries Source: Map based on information in the "1981 Directory of Forest Tree Nurseries in the United States," published by the American Association of Nurserymen in cooperation with the USDA Forest
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