. The comparative physiology of respiratory mechanisms. Respiration. 46 RESPIRATORY MECHANISMS content is reduced to ml/1 (55 mm tension), while a corre- sponding emergency respiration is not induced in the fish Leuciscus erythrophthalmus until the oxygen is as low as ml/1 (Winterstein, 1908). Respiring from the surface, many ani- mals will take in air which will increase the saturation of the water passing the gills, but is not enough to characterize them as air-breathers (Dighstra, 1933).1 True air-breathing can be accomplished in a large number of Fig. 20. Vascular supply of
. The comparative physiology of respiratory mechanisms. Respiration. 46 RESPIRATORY MECHANISMS content is reduced to ml/1 (55 mm tension), while a corre- sponding emergency respiration is not induced in the fish Leuciscus erythrophthalmus until the oxygen is as low as ml/1 (Winterstein, 1908). Respiring from the surface, many ani- mals will take in air which will increase the saturation of the water passing the gills, but is not enough to characterize them as air-breathers (Dighstra, 1933).1 True air-breathing can be accomplished in a large number of Fig. 20. Vascular supply of inside of operculum in Pseudapocryptes. 10/1. (Das.) Carter and Beadle (1930-32) describe the case of Hypopomus, a small fish common in swamps in tropical South America. This fish can live in well-aerated water, even when denied access to the surface, but it will take in air when opportunity offers and pass it through the branchial cavities. No special organ for respiration of air was found, and the gills appear to be used both for water and for air. The secondary lamellae seem to be unusually far apart, but they are not described as rigid. Perhaps the air is used mainly to aerate the water passing over the gills. 1 Also animals living in burrows in the tidal zone may aerate the water in their burrows during ebb, as observed by Lindroth (1938) on Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Krogh, August, 1874-1949. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania press
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