Uroscopy, 1491
For at least six centuries, the inspection of urines was a demonstration, like the examination by stethoscope in a later era, of the physician's ability to recognize symptoms hidden to ordinary people. This ability is dramatized here by the senior doctor who, in full academic garb with the professor's distinctive hat, toga, and stole, points at a flask in a gesture of understanding and teaching, instructing the four junior colleagues accompanying him what "signs" or diagnosis he reads in the urine. Johannes de Ketham's The Fasiculo de medicina contains six independent and quite different medieval medical treatises. The collection, which existed only in two manuscripts (handwritten copies), was first printed in 1491, in the original Latin with the title, Fasciculus medicinae. The book is remarkable as the first illustrated medical work to appear in print.
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