. Railway maintenance engineering, with notes on construction . Cattle guards are placed at all road crossings to prevent cattlegetting on the right of way. The earliest form of cattle guardwas the old pit guard, which was a positive bar to the greatest difficulty with this guard was due to the fact that * Reinforced Concrete Railway Structures, J. D. W. Ball, 1914. D. VanNostrand Co., New York, p. 195. 206 RAILWAY MAINTENANCE leaves and other rubbish would collect in the pit and cause fireswhich would endanger the track over the pit. Moreover, thethe guard may hold fast on the trac
. Railway maintenance engineering, with notes on construction . Cattle guards are placed at all road crossings to prevent cattlegetting on the right of way. The earliest form of cattle guardwas the old pit guard, which was a positive bar to the greatest difficulty with this guard was due to the fact that * Reinforced Concrete Railway Structures, J. D. W. Ball, 1914. D. VanNostrand Co., New York, p. 195. 206 RAILWAY MAINTENANCE leaves and other rubbish would collect in the pit and cause fireswhich would endanger the track over the pit. Moreover, thethe guard may hold fast on the track a frightened animal withbroken or entangled legs. A modified type of pit guard is shownin Fig. 118A, consisting essentially of deep cross-ties so spacedin proportion to their depth as to afford no knee room for ananimal in taking a step. The guards used at the present time generally consist ofsurface guards of slats of wood, tile or metal laid on edge and ^ .Si^xSf S^ I :i^_ 3 Straining Posts, \ (about 100yds. apart) 1 Section 4x4 .4x2^ -^--~ 90. 5 o > i ^—--^ / « :j_i4j Base 20 x20x3 117.—Reinforced Concrete Fence (Ball.) which the cattle find more or less difficulty in passing over.(See Fig. 1185.) None of the guards present the same positivebar to the passage of stock as the old pit guard. 77. Snow and Sand Fences and Snow Sheds.—Snow fencesare very often built in portable sections from 12 to 16 ft. longand placed in the fields adjacent to the track on the approachof winter and removed in the spring to permit the ground tobe cultivated. Tree planting is also sometimes done to protectthe track, as on the Great Northern Railway in eastern Montana,North Dakota and Minnesota. Where there is much drifting TRACK AND RIGHT OF WAY 207 of sand, a light fence of lath and wire may be used with goodresults. The American Railway Engineering Association recommendsthe following in reference to snow fences and sheds i^ The character of t
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