. Frost & fire : natural engines, tool-marks & chips : with sketches taken at home and abroad by a traveller. iall from the sky, audspread their bases over great tracts of country. Supedledals glacier is a small local ice-system, detachedfrom the larger system, whose broken edge is seen against theblue sky above it. From the Col de Geant a wide view of the Alpine localsystem is got. It has been mapped and described by ablepens, aud it consists of a series of high centres, from which ice-streams radiate, as rivers do from Highland hills. In Scan-dhiavia and in Iceland the principle is the same.
. Frost & fire : natural engines, tool-marks & chips : with sketches taken at home and abroad by a traveller. iall from the sky, audspread their bases over great tracts of country. Supedledals glacier is a small local ice-system, detachedfrom the larger system, whose broken edge is seen against theblue sky above it. From the Col de Geant a wide view of the Alpine localsystem is got. It has been mapped and described by ablepens, aud it consists of a series of high centres, from which ice-streams radiate, as rivers do from Highland hills. In Scan-dhiavia and in Iceland the principle is the same. The dimen-sions and details of the engine differ; but wherever there is amountain or mountain-chain high enough to pierce the shell(jf temijerature which freezes water, there the solid edge of thewater-wheel comes down and grinds rock. Snow falls, a heapforms, river-glaciers stream from the base, and the grinding workdone is tlie tool-mark of land-ice driven by heat and marks of tins tool are radiating stars or portious of stars,or marks like ruflcrs in a, roof when the system is on a CHAPTEE XV. DENUDATION 7—FROST-MARKS 5—LAND-ICE 4—RIVER-GLACIERS—SOUTHERN NORWAY 2. The next ice-tool is the Eiver-glacier. It is the equivalentof the stream in the wax model, and large specimens aboundin the Alps. For example, the dome of Mont Blanc, 14,700feet high, with a temperature of 26°, is a high cold centrefrom which glaciers slide into hoUows, and diverge, likeflowing rivers. Of these, the iVIer de Glace is the biggest andbest kno\vn ; and the rest of the system which springs fromMont Blanc is familiar to Alpine travellers. Justedals glaciers, in the Bergen district, are nearer toEngland, and good specimens. They are less known, so thefollowing extract from a journal of a trip to visit them isquoted :—* Wednesday/, Sept. 2d, 1857.—Landed at Eoneidet about3, and after getting food from its hospitable inhabitants,set off at 4 with a boy, and a horse to carr
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