. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology. -42 THE EARLIEST GOATS AND OTHER ANTELOPES Remarks. The differences of Protoryx carolinae from Palaeoryx pallasi very largely amount to a narrower skull (Text-fig. i) and associated features such as narrower, more uprightly inserted and backwardly curved horn cores. Otherwise, and particularly in its tooth characters, there is very little difference. The holotype cranium and left horn core in Paris and two skulls in London are all from Pikermi. The Paris specimen shows clearly that the frontals, including the horn pedicel, are hollow
. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology. -42 THE EARLIEST GOATS AND OTHER ANTELOPES Remarks. The differences of Protoryx carolinae from Palaeoryx pallasi very largely amount to a narrower skull (Text-fig. i) and associated features such as narrower, more uprightly inserted and backwardly curved horn cores. Otherwise, and particularly in its tooth characters, there is very little difference. The holotype cranium and left horn core in Paris and two skulls in London are all from Pikermi. The Paris specimen shows clearly that the frontals, including the horn pedicel, are hollowed, and is not preserved sufficiently far anteriorly to show the supraorbital pits. Pilgrim & Hopwood (1928 : 32) provisionally assigned to P. carolinae a Samos skull with mandibles, atlas and axis vertebrae, BM(NH) Bohlin (1936 : 3) rejected this identification, and I follow him. The braincase of this skull is hardly 80 1 100 120. I. BRAINCASE LENGTH 2. WIDTH ACROSS HORN BASES 3. ANT-POST. DIAMETER OF HORN CORE 4. LENGTH m! - Ml A. Palaeoryx pallasi B. Pachytragus crassicornis C. Pachytragus laticeps D. Protoryx carolinae Fig. 1. Percentage diagram of the means of four measurements on skulls belonging to the Palaeoryx-Pachytragus group of antelopes. Palaeoryx pallasi has been used for the standard line at 100% ; the mean readings for other species are expressed as percentages of the mean reading in P. pallasi. Both Pikermi and Samos specimens contribute to the readings for P. pallasi, and tooth measurements were taken only from identified skulls. The maximum numbers of readings for each species were: P. pallasi 11, Protoryx carolinae 3, Pachytragus laticeps 25, P. crassicornis 13, but the full number of readings was not available for every measurement. Horizontal lines show the extent of the standard deviations for P. laticeps. Note the slightly smaller size and narrow skull of Protoryx carolinae compared with Palaeoryx pallasi, the rather large horns in Pachytragu
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