. The Canadian field-naturalist. 68 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 114. Algonquin Park UuJ I i_i l_l km 1 0 5 km Resident Wolf Packs: 31 Acom D Bycts Creek* Migrate ry Wolf Packs: » Basin' ⢠Lavieille e Tramore 0 Zigzag Solitary Migratory Wolves: | + Jack Pine ^ Traverse ⦠Mathews Wolves Outside Study Area: | A Gariepy Deer Density: | â â i VE^ mH Low ^m'l NU Not investigated I ^ Deer Kill Road Figure 3. Locations of radio-collared wolves and deer kills in relation to deer distribution in the study area for period 3 (22 February-15 March 1997). Low deer density sets of tracks/100 m.
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 68 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 114. Algonquin Park UuJ I i_i l_l km 1 0 5 km Resident Wolf Packs: 31 Acom D Bycts Creek* Migrate ry Wolf Packs: » Basin' ⢠Lavieille e Tramore 0 Zigzag Solitary Migratory Wolves: | + Jack Pine ^ Traverse ⦠Mathews Wolves Outside Study Area: | A Gariepy Deer Density: | â â i VE^ mH Low ^m'l NU Not investigated I ^ Deer Kill Road Figure 3. Locations of radio-collared wolves and deer kills in relation to deer distribution in the study area for period 3 (22 February-15 March 1997). Low deer density sets of tracks/100 m. A * identifies packs with two radio-collared wolves. No rivers and only selected roads are shown. depth, and primarily made use of conifer dominated forests with dense canopies which may serve to reduce energy expenditures due to locomotion and thermoregulation (, Ozoga 1968; Telfer 1970; Ozoga and Gysel 1972; Drolet 1976). The migratory wolves quickly detected and disproportionately hunt- ed deer in areas of highest deer concentration, first as deer funnelled into the yard in its periphery, then in the yard. Distance and duration of winter extraterri- torial movements of park wolves were highly vari- able, as has been described before (Forbes and Theberge 1995). All-season resident wolves with all or parts of their territories within the yard adjusted to changes in deer distribution only within their territo- ries, except for one wolf which left its territory when it was devoid or almost devoid of deer. When wolf packs have access to a range of win- tering deer densities within their territories, some authors have suggested that wolves hunt primarily in areas of high deer density (Van Ballenberghe et al. 1975; Potvin 1988), while other authors have found the reverse. Fritts and Mech (1981) found that all packs in their study were frequently located in the vicinity of deer yards, however, areas of high deer density were used little and only few deer kills were foun
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