. The library of American history, literature and biography .. . age of fifteen he was secre-tary to the Minister to Russia ;after graduating at Harvard, andpracticing law for a few years, hebecame United States Ministerat the Hague, and afterwards atBerlin, St. Petersburg and Lon-don ; he had represented Massa-chusettes in the National Senate,and during the Presidency of he had been Secretaryof State. His administration was not marked by any measure of nationalimportance, but is notable as the era in which a number of projects for thepromotion of commercial intercourse met with the


. The library of American history, literature and biography .. . age of fifteen he was secre-tary to the Minister to Russia ;after graduating at Harvard, andpracticing law for a few years, hebecame United States Ministerat the Hague, and afterwards atBerlin, St. Petersburg and Lon-don ; he had represented Massa-chusettes in the National Senate,and during the Presidency of he had been Secretaryof State. His administration was not marked by any measure of nationalimportance, but is notable as the era in which a number of projects for thepromotion of commercial intercourse met with the success they deserved. We have already mentioned the National Road. It was no more impor-tant than the Erie Canal, Clintons Big Ditch, as it was derisively called,which was opened in 1825; and the experiments with steam wagonsresulted, in 1828, in the opening of a line of railroad which now forms part ofthe Baltimore & Ohio system. The first spadeful of earth was turned by thevenerable Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, the only survivor of the signers of the. experi-as anyit. At JOHN QUIvrV ADAMS. Term, 1825-1829. 220 ANDREW JACKSON. Declaration of Independence, who remarked in so doing, that he consideredthis among the most important acts of his Hfe, second only to that of signingthe Declaration of Independence, if second to that. It is also to be noted that this era marks the beginning of that social move-ment, which in less than seventy years has resulted in so marked a change inthe views of Americans regarding the use of intoxicants. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, was the first who was not a citizeneither of Massachusetts or Virginia. He was also the first who was not alreadyknown to his countrymen as a distinguished statesman. He was exceedinglypopular, however, owing to hismilitary services and to his ener-getic, honest and fearless, thoughheadstrong, character. He hadled a strange and eventful his boyhood he had known alithe hardships and priv


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