Plate 1: 16 images showing different facial expressions which are being induced by electrical currents. Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne de Boulogne (September 17, 1806 - September 15, 1875) was a French neurologist who advanced the science of electrophysiology. Influenced by the beliefs of physiognomy, Duchenne wanted to determine how the muscles in the human face produce facial expressions which he believed to be directly linked to the soul of man.

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Duchenne, Mechanism of Human Physiognomy, 1862

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