. Report on the scientific results of the "Michael Sars" north Atlantic deep-sea expedition 1910, carried out under the auspices of the Norwegian government and the superintendence of Sir John Murray, , and Dr. Johan Hjort .. . the annual range exceeding 8° C. Within abroad belt, extending from Europe to America the tempera-ture variation between summer and winter ranges from5° to a little above 8° C. Off the east coast of the U. S . in the vicinity of the Newfoundland Banks there isan absolute maximum of the annual range of temperature. The conditions represented by the chart are e
. Report on the scientific results of the "Michael Sars" north Atlantic deep-sea expedition 1910, carried out under the auspices of the Norwegian government and the superintendence of Sir John Murray, , and Dr. Johan Hjort .. . the annual range exceeding 8° C. Within abroad belt, extending from Europe to America the tempera-ture variation between summer and winter ranges from5° to a little above 8° C. Off the east coast of the U. S . in the vicinity of the Newfoundland Banks there isan absolute maximum of the annual range of temperature. The conditions represented by the chart are easilyexplained. In the tropics the annual range is small, chieflybecause of the position of the sun, with great noon alti-tude throughout the whole year and a relatively greatcloudiness, the radiation being subject to small seasonalvariations. In the Azoric high pressure area the seasonalchanges in the altitude of the sun have a considerablymore pronounced effect upon the alworption of heat, andbecause of the prevailing clear sky the radiation from thesea to the atmosphere in winter is fairly strong. Prevailingcloudy conditions and a deep-reaching vertical convection 48 BJ0RN HELLAND-HANSEN (REP. OF THE MICHAEL SARS NORTH. Fig. 9. The annual range of surface temperature in tlie Atlantic (according to O. Schott). ATLANT. DEEP-SEA EXPED. 1910. VOL. i] PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY 49 in winter cause a decrease of the annual range south-eastof Greenland. Tlie abnormally large range of tempera-ture found off the east coast of the U. S. A. and New-foundland, is primarily due to seasonal changes in theposition of the currents. In this area there are abrupttransitions from warm to cold water and a seasonal varia-tion in the relative distribution of these water masses, mustnecessarily cause particularly marked changes in tempera-tures referred to geographic co-ordinates. For a study of the seasonal variations in the waterbelow the surface the material of direct observations
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