Ship of war 15th century Two decker sail warship her guns armed decks upper works forecastle quarterdeck battery carrack warship
The origin of the ship-of-the-line can be found in the nau (carrack) first built by the Portuguese and similar great ships built by England and other western European states in the 15th and 16th centuries. These vessels were developed by fusing aspects of the cogs of the Atlantic and galleys of the Mediterranean. The cogs, which traded along the Atlantic coasts, the North Sea and the Baltic, had an advantage over galleys in battle because they had raised platforms called "castles" at bow and stern which could be occupied by archers, who fired down on enemy ships or even dropped heavy weights. Over time these castles became higher and larger, and eventually started to be built into the structure of the ship, increasing overall strength. This aspect of the cog was kept by the Portuguese in their newer style carrack designs and proved its worth in the decisive battle of Diu in 1509. Other European naval powers were quick to follow the Portuguese innovations with their own versions of the "man-of-war". Mary Rose was an English carrack, being well equipped with 78 guns (91 after an upgrade in the 1530s). Built in Portsmouth, England 1510-12, she was one of the earliest purpose-built warships to serve in the English Navy; it is thought that she never served as a merchant ship. She was over 500 tons burthen with a keel of over 32 m (106 ft) and a crew that consisted of 200 sailors, 185 soldiers, and 30 gunners. Although she was the pride of the English fleet she accidentally sank during the battle of the Solent against French forces on 19 July 1545.
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Photo credit: © SOTK2011 / Alamy / Afripics
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