. The biology of marine animals. Marine animals; Physiology, Comparative. 398 THE BIOLOGY OF MARINE ANIMALS Shocks of the electric skate (Raja clavata) are rather weak, about 4 V maximum (measured in air). When an electric torpedo discharges, each electric organ fires off a train of some 2-7 pulses at intervals of a few msec (Fig. ). Individual responses are of constant height and obey the all-or-nothing law. Each spike lasts 1-75-2-25 msec, with a rising phase of 0-5-0-7 msec; latencies vary from 1-4 msec (Torpedo torpedo). In skates (Raja) they are much longer, about 12 msec, with rising
. The biology of marine animals. Marine animals; Physiology, Comparative. 398 THE BIOLOGY OF MARINE ANIMALS Shocks of the electric skate (Raja clavata) are rather weak, about 4 V maximum (measured in air). When an electric torpedo discharges, each electric organ fires off a train of some 2-7 pulses at intervals of a few msec (Fig. ). Individual responses are of constant height and obey the all-or-nothing law. Each spike lasts 1-75-2-25 msec, with a rising phase of 0-5-0-7 msec; latencies vary from 1-4 msec (Torpedo torpedo). In skates (Raja) they are much longer, about 12 msec, with rising phase 2-2-5 msec. The spike is mono- phasic and hence non-propagated in the ray and torpedo. The electric plates of Electrophorus are directly excitable, whereas those. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Nicol, J. A. Colin (Joseph Arthur Colin), 1915-. New York, Interscience Publishers
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