. Lateral curvature of the spine and round shoulders . ion of this is obvious without extended comment. If active orpassive exercises are given which are intended to take effect upon the spine aloneand to be effective there, the pelvis must be fixed. If this is not done, part of themuscular force is used in displacing the pelvis to the opposite side to balance thebody, and the movement becomes a general and not a spinal one. * R. W. Lovett: Bos. Med. and Surg. Jour., June 4, 1900, Oct. 31, 1901,March 17, 1904, Sept. 28, 1905; Amer. Jour, of .Anat., ii, 4, 457. 24 THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE. FL
. Lateral curvature of the spine and round shoulders . ion of this is obvious without extended comment. If active orpassive exercises are given which are intended to take effect upon the spine aloneand to be effective there, the pelvis must be fixed. If this is not done, part of themuscular force is used in displacing the pelvis to the opposite side to balance thebody, and the movement becomes a general and not a spinal one. * R. W. Lovett: Bos. Med. and Surg. Jour., June 4, 1900, Oct. 31, 1901,March 17, 1904, Sept. 28, 1905; Amer. Jour, of .Anat., ii, 4, 457. 24 THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE. FLEXION (FORWARD BENDING)Is a pure anteroposterior movement without perceptible rotation. It is the mostevenly distributed of the spinal movements, and in extreme flexion the outline ofthe tips of the spinous processes forms a curve approaching the arc of a of the movement is accomplished in the lumbar region, which in extremeflexion loses most of its forward convexity, but in the observations made was notobserved to become convex Fig. i8.—Flexion of the Spine in the Model. The dorsal region in extreme flexion becomes decidedly more convex than inthe upright position. The twelfth dorsal vertebra takes part in flexion more as alumbar than as a dorsal vertebra, and free movement occurs below it and fairlyfree movement between the eleventh and twelfth vertebras. The cervical region cannot be accurately observed or measured in the the cadaver it dries so rapidly that no conclusions can be drawn beyond thestatement that its forward convexity may be obliterated by forcible flexion •withthe hands. FLEXION. 25 The most marked flexion of the spine may be obtained by having the modelsit cross-legged and bend forward with the chest between the knees. Extremepassive flexion with the model lying on the side is not so great as that obtained byflexion in the cross-legged position. In flexion the distance of the seventh cervical vertebra from the sacrum when
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