Vietnam: Deo Van Tri (Kham Oun), Lord of the Tai Federation of Sipsongchuthai (1849-1908) second left, with other White Tai leaders, c. 1890s. During the late 19th century, all the territory stretching from Dien Bien Phu in the south to the Chinese frontier in the north formed an autonomous region called Sipsongchutai, or ‘Twelve Tai Principalities’. It was ruled over by a hereditary White Tai prince from his capital at Lai Chau and paid tribute, at one time or another, to Siam, Vietnam or China, and sometimes to all three.

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