. A description and history of vegetable substances, used in the arts, and in domestic economy . he largeknots which the trees put forth, into vases, which,although fashioned with their rude knives, havemuch of the beauty of turnery. In Kaimtschatka alsoit is formed into drinking cups. The wood of thebirch on the banks of the Garry, in Glengarry,Scotland, is cut into staves, Avith which herringbarrels are made. It is an excellent wood forthe turner, being light, compact, and easily worked;and for undressed palings and gates, such as areused in the sheep countries, few timbers are supe-rior to
. A description and history of vegetable substances, used in the arts, and in domestic economy . he largeknots which the trees put forth, into vases, which,although fashioned with their rude knives, havemuch of the beauty of turnery. In Kaimtschatka alsoit is formed into drinking cups. The wood of thebirch on the banks of the Garry, in Glengarry,Scotland, is cut into staves, Avith which herringbarrels are made. It is an excellent wood forthe turner, being light, compact, and easily worked;and for undressed palings and gates, such as areused in the sheep countries, few timbers are supe-rior to it. It is not very durable, however, butvery cheap, as it thrives upon soils that are fitfor little else, and sows itself without any assistancefirom art. It grows upon rocks which one wouldthink absolutely bare ; and such is the power of itsroots, that we have seen them separate stones several THE ALDER. 115 tons in weijrht, to reach the soil. The black birch ofAmerica has been im]M)rtcd into this country. It iscompact and rather liandsonie, but it soon makes very ^od Aider—Alnus glutinusa. The Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is not so handsome atree as the birch, and tlie timber is not applicable toso many useful purposes. The alder is a native ofalmost every part of Europe. It thrives best inmarshy situations, and by the margins of lakes andrivers, where it is generally a large shrub rather thana tree. As its shade rather improves than injuresthe grass, cojjpices of it afford good wintering for theout-door stock on mountain grazings. The bark of the alder contains a good deal oftannin ; and the young shoots dye a yellow or cinna-mon colour, the wood a brown, and the catkins of theflowers a green. The twigs of the alder are brittle,and so is the stem when green. In that state it ismore easily worked than any other timber. Whenof considerable size, the timber of one of the varieties y .}lft VEGETABLE SUBS-yANCES. (there are several of them) is red, and often
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