. The actinomycetes. Actinomycetales. 232 THE ACTINOMYCETES, Vol. I. Figure 88. Antifungal activity of a strepto- rayces. The two fungi are resistant and the two yeasts are sensitive. Katz, and Vining (1958) proposed a system for classifying the various actinomycins, based on their chemical structure. The paper chromatographic methods are very conven- ient for their differentiation. Among the interesting developments in connection with the study of the actinomy- cins is their effect upon neoplastic growths. The work of Hackmann, begun in 1952, on the effect of actinomycin C on exp
. The actinomycetes. Actinomycetales. 232 THE ACTINOMYCETES, Vol. I. Figure 88. Antifungal activity of a strepto- rayces. The two fungi are resistant and the two yeasts are sensitive. Katz, and Vining (1958) proposed a system for classifying the various actinomycins, based on their chemical structure. The paper chromatographic methods are very conven- ient for their differentiation. Among the interesting developments in connection with the study of the actinomy- cins is their effect upon neoplastic growths. The work of Hackmann, begun in 1952, on the effect of actinomycin C on experimental tumors and the clinical observations of Schulte and Lings (1953) opened a new field for the potential utilization of this group of antibiotics as chemotherapeutic agents. These results were soon confirmed by a num- ber of clinical investigators. It is sufficient to mention the studies of Trounce et ah, Sigiura and Schmidt, Nitta et al., Yamashita et al., and Farber and Burchinal (1958). These studies brought out the fact that although (iiffei'ent actinomycins may vary somewhat in their toxicity, they are similar in their cytostatic activity (Pugh et al., 1956). Foley reported his observations on the mechanism of the action of actinomycin in bacterial systems (For a review of the literature, see Reilly, 1953; Waksman, 1954; and Hack- mann, 1955). The Basic Antibiotics Streptothricin The first basic antibiotic was isolated from a culture of *S'. lavendulae by Waksman and Woodruff in 1942. They named it strepto- thricin, thus honoring F. Cohn's first desig- nation of an actinomycete culttu'e. It was found to possess highly desirable chemical and biological propcn-ties and it offered prom- ise of becoming an important chemothera- peutic agent. It was water-soluble and ther- mostable. It was active against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. It was less toxic than actinomy- cin, but more toxic than penicillin, an anti- biotic that had come to occupy
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