. Operative surgery, for students and practitioners . downward beyond the lower border of the jaw into the neckand the flaps loosened still farther from the lower jaw. The edgesof the flaps are then united with interrupted silk sutures which in-clude the whole thickness of the lip down to, but not including, themucous membrane. A second set of intermediate silk sutures bringsthe edges of the skin and mucous membrane into accurate apposi-tion. Corresponding to the free border of the new lip, the edgesof the mucous membrane flaps, which were intentionally cut long,are sutured to the skin. Finall
. Operative surgery, for students and practitioners . downward beyond the lower border of the jaw into the neckand the flaps loosened still farther from the lower jaw. The edgesof the flaps are then united with interrupted silk sutures which in-clude the whole thickness of the lip down to, but not including, themucous membrane. A second set of intermediate silk sutures bringsthe edges of the skin and mucous membrane into accurate apposi-tion. Corresponding to the free border of the new lip, the edgesof the mucous membrane flaps, which were intentionally cut long,are sutured to the skin. Finally the semilunar defects upon eitherside are closed with sutures. In the male the scar is hidden by thebeard. Bruns Method.—For a quadrangular defect of the lower square cornered flap is taken from either side of the face, includ- OPERATIONS UPON THE LIPS. 119 ing the whole thickness of the cheek, and these are turned downinto the defect through an angle of ninety degrees. These flapshave a good, blood-supply. Avoid Stensons duct. The apposed.
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