. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. NEURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ECH1NOIDS 273. Figure 3. Immunoreactivity in the lower lip ganglion. (A) Late prism larva with a single serotonergic cell in the lower lip (arrowl. (B) Lower lip ganglion with 10-12 cells showing 5HT-Li IR (arrow). Bars = 50 /nm. with cells being added rapidly through this period (Fig. 4A, B. D). In fully developed 6- and 8-armed plutei, the differences in distribution between peptide and serotonin immunoreac- tivity become more apparent. The ciliary nerves show S2-Li IR, rather than SI-Li or 5HT-L1 IR
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. NEURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ECH1NOIDS 273. Figure 3. Immunoreactivity in the lower lip ganglion. (A) Late prism larva with a single serotonergic cell in the lower lip (arrowl. (B) Lower lip ganglion with 10-12 cells showing 5HT-Li IR (arrow). Bars = 50 /nm. with cells being added rapidly through this period (Fig. 4A, B. D). In fully developed 6- and 8-armed plutei, the differences in distribution between peptide and serotonin immunoreac- tivity become more apparent. The ciliary nerves show S2-Li IR, rather than SI-Li or 5HT-L1 IR (Fig. 5 A). These axons possess varicosities and some immunoreactive cell bodies associated with the descending loops of the ciliary bands (Fig. 5B, C). The neuronal cell bodies are generally multi- polar, rounded or elliptical, and with large nuclei (Fig. 5B). Unlike the cells of the apical ganglion, these cells have no obvious sensory processes or contacts with ectodermal sur- faces. No 5HT-Li IR was found in these areas. Development of immunoreactivity in late plutei (8-anned stage to metamorphosis) As the plutei grow and the rudiment forms, changes in the nervous system or in the distribution of neurotransmitters become more difficult to observe with traditional epifluo- rescence microscopy. However, scanning confocal laser mi- croscopy allowed us to examine these changes in detail, especially in relation to the apical ganglion complex, which became very large and convoluted in older larvae. The apical ganglion continues to increase in size and complexity until the mature 8-armed stage. In these older larvae, it is as much as 80 /nm in length (left to right side of the larva) and 60 /u,m deep, extending from the thickened apical ciliated band down to the upper lip. To resolve this cluster of perikarya and dense neuropile, rotations were calculated for three-dimensional confocal images (Fig. 6). Some double-labeling studies were attempted, but due to the large size of the sp
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