Greece/Byzantium: Epinoia (centre) holds a mandragora for Dioscorides (right). Miniature painting from the Codex Vienna Dioscorides, 512 CE. One of the author pictures from the Vienna Dioscorides (fol. 5 verso). The allegorical figure Epinoia (thinking power) holds a mandragora. The painter creates an image and Dioscorides describes the plant. The Vienna Dioscurides or Vienna Dioscorides is an early 6th century illuminated manuscript of De Materia Medica by Dioscorides in Greek. It is an important and rare example of a late antique scientific text.

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