Iraq: Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan (721-815 CE), better known in Medieval Europe as Geber, chemist, alchemist, astronomer and polymath. Engraving, 1584. Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān (al-Azdi/al-Kufi/al-Tusi/al-Sufi), often known simply as Geber, was a prominent polymath, a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geologist, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician. Jābir is held to be the first practical alchemist. As early as the 10th century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jābir was in dispute in Islamic circles.

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