Sofia Kovalevskaya, Russian Mathematician
Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya (1850-1891), the first major Russian female mathematician, and also the first woman appointed to a full professorship in Europe in 1889. Despite the attitudes of the time towards academic work by women, she gained respect for her work on differential equations and Abelian integrals. She was appointed to the University of Stockholm, and in 1888 she won the prestigious Prix Bordin prize (awarded by the French Academy of Science) for her groundbreaking paper On the Rotation of a Solid Body about a Fixed Point. She died of influenza in 1891 at age of 41, after returning from a trip to Genoa.
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