The elasmobranch fishes elasmobranchfish03dani Year: 1934 Fig. T. Fig'. 71 Fig. 71. First branchial arch, Heterodontus francisci. (Duncan Dunning, del.) Fig. 72. Fourth and fifth branchial arches, Heterodontus francisci. (Duncan Dunning, del.) , branchial ray; cl>., ceratobranchial; eJ}., epibranchial; }., extrabranchial carti- lage; ph., pharyngobranchial. rior part of the cranium (Urolophus). In a still more specialized form it may have no union either with the hyomandibula or with the cranium, but may be bound to the tip of the first branchial (third visceral) arch, as
The elasmobranch fishes elasmobranchfish03dani Year: 1934 Fig. T. Fig'. 71 Fig. 71. First branchial arch, Heterodontus francisci. (Duncan Dunning, del.) Fig. 72. Fourth and fifth branchial arches, Heterodontus francisci. (Duncan Dunning, del.) , branchial ray; cl>., ceratobranchial; eJ}., epibranchial; }., extrabranchial carti- lage; ph., pharyngobranchial. rior part of the cranium (Urolophus). In a still more specialized form it may have no union either with the hyomandibula or with the cranium, but may be bound to the tip of the first branchial (third visceral) arch, as in Rhinohatis and Myliohatis. In some such occurrences the lower arch may be further segmented. The branchial arches in general are typically made up of four segments (fig. 71, Heterodontus) which from dorsal to ventral, as was given for Heptanchiis, are: (1) the pharyngobranchial {j)h.), (2) the epibranchial (), (3) the ceratobranchial (ch.), and (4) the hypobranchial {hh., fig. 73) segments. The pharyngobranchials are usually flattened cartilages which lie dorsal to the pharynx. In .sharks they are usually attached bj^ strong connective tissues (ligaments) to the roof of the pharynx or to the sides of the spinal column but not to the pharyngobranchials of the opposite side, as is the first in Hep- tanchus and Scyllium. In the rays, the pharyngobranchial segment of the first branchial arch, as we have said, may join the cranium {Rhinohatis, Trygon).
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