. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Scientific expeditions. Summer Life 143 There is a theory, advanced by M. Mauss, that not only does the economic life of the Eskimos undergo a complete transformation from summer to winter, and from winter to summer, but that their social organization and rehgious life also are so profoundly modified as to be radically different at the two seasons. M. Mauss, for example, says, " La vie sociale des Eskimos se pr^sente done k nous sous deux formes nettement opposables, et parall^les k leur double mor- phologic. Sans doute, entre I'une et I
. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Scientific expeditions. Summer Life 143 There is a theory, advanced by M. Mauss, that not only does the economic life of the Eskimos undergo a complete transformation from summer to winter, and from winter to summer, but that their social organization and rehgious life also are so profoundly modified as to be radically different at the two seasons. M. Mauss, for example, says, " La vie sociale des Eskimos se pr^sente done k nous sous deux formes nettement opposables, et parall^les k leur double mor- phologic. Sans doute, entre I'une et I'autre, il y a des transitions: ce n'est pas toujours de fagon abrupte que le groupe rentre dans ses quartiers d'hiver, ou en sort; de mime ce n'est pas toujours d'une seule et unique famille qu'est compos6 le petit campement d'lt6. Mais il n'en reste pas mpins d'une fa^on g^n^rale que les hommes ont deux mani^res de se grouper, et qu'^ ces deux formes de groupement, correspondent deux syst^mes juridiques, deux morales, deux sortes d'economie domestique et de vie religieuse. A une communaut6 r^elle d'id^es et d'int^rits dans I'agglom^ration dense de I'hiver, k une forte unit6 mentale religieuse et morale, s'opposent un isolement, une poussidre sociale, une extreme pauvrete morale et religieuse dans I'^parpillement de \';^. Fig. 45. Digging for water through the ice of Okauyarvik creek, Victoria island Now as far as the Copper Eskimos are concerned the brief sketch that has been given of their Ufe during the two seasons suffices to disprove this theory. Changes in their environment, it is true, produce marked changes in their econo- mic life. At one season they are dispersed into small bands that seek their sustenance on the land by hunting and fishing, at another they are assembled into large communities on the sea-ice and live by sealing. But their social organization and their religious life continue unchanged during both periods. They have different dwellings a
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