Spain/Andalusia: Two types of asparagus. Illuminated Arabic folio from Abu Ja 'far al-Ghafiqi's 'Herbal', c. 12th century. Al-Ghafiqi, according to a thirteenth-century historian of Arab medicine, was the greatest savant of medicinal plants, their names and their properties, and his work had no equal in this field. This view was later confirmed by Max Meyerhof (d. 1945), the eminent historian of Islamic medicine, who stated that al-Ghafiqi was undoubtedly the greatest botanist and pharmacologist of the Islamic period. He hailed from Ghafiq, near Cordoba on the southern Iberian peninsula.

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