. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. j&r<&j-i- BULLETIN No. 295 d., Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief. Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER October 28, 1915 THE ZIMMERMAN PINE By Josef Brunner, Assistant in Forest Entomology, Forest Insect Investigations. CONTENTS. Description of the insect 2 Seasonal history and habits 3 Relation to other insects 5 Relation to natural enemies 6 Habitat and host trees 7 Character of injury and work of larva? 8 Effect of infestation on tree growth and forest. 9 Remedy 10 Conclusion 11 Lite
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. j&r<&j-i- BULLETIN No. 295 d., Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief. Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER October 28, 1915 THE ZIMMERMAN PINE By Josef Brunner, Assistant in Forest Entomology, Forest Insect Investigations. CONTENTS. Description of the insect 2 Seasonal history and habits 3 Relation to other insects 5 Relation to natural enemies 6 Habitat and host trees 7 Character of injury and work of larva? 8 Effect of infestation on tree growth and forest. 9 Remedy 10 Conclusion 11 Literature cited 12 INTRODUCTION. "One of the insects of the order Lepidoptera very destructive to coniferous trees, and especially to yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) in various sections of the West and, according to Zimmerman, Grote, and Kellicott, to white pine (Pinus strobus), Canadian or red pine (P. resinosa), Austrian pine (P. austriaca), Scotch pine (P. sylvestris), SwTiss pine (P. cembra), and other pines in the East, is the Zimmerman pine moth (Pinipestis zimmermani Grote2). Aside from being largely the cause of "spike-top " (PL I) in mature timber, it spike-tops, stunts, and kills outright innumerable trees of the so-called "second ; The timber of at least one area, thus far discovered, has been brought into such ill repute that carpenters and builders refuse to use it for anything in which "never-ending shrinkage" is objec- tionable. Llaving noted during several seasons the severe injuries inflicted by the larvge of this insect, the writer, at the suggestion of Dr. A. D. Hop- kins, undertook, during the autumn of 1912, a systematic study of its seasonal history and habits, the recorded information on this insect being inadequate. This study was conducted during 1913-14 in conjunction with other work on insects which affect reproduction and Pinipestis zimmermani Grote. 2 Identification by August Busck. Note.—This bulletin is of sp
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