Nature and science on the Pacific coast : a guide-book for scientific travelers in the West . rring the objection that ap-plied to the former hypothesis. However, the newand more detailed facts revealed by later observa-tions made it plain that the above explanationswere inadequate. Recent Researches on the Oceanic Circula-tion AND Temperature Distrirution Off the Pa-cific Coast.—By attempting to explain and inter- 135 Oceanic Circulation and Temperaturepret hydrographic observations we can obtain amore thorough and extensive knowledge of thehydrographic conditions of a region than is givendir
Nature and science on the Pacific coast : a guide-book for scientific travelers in the West . rring the objection that ap-plied to the former hypothesis. However, the newand more detailed facts revealed by later observa-tions made it plain that the above explanationswere inadequate. Recent Researches on the Oceanic Circula-tion AND Temperature Distrirution Off the Pa-cific Coast.—By attempting to explain and inter- 135 Oceanic Circulation and Temperaturepret hydrographic observations we can obtain amore thorough and extensive knowledge of thehydrographic conditions of a region than is givendirectly by a tabulation of the data. Because ofthis fact it was thought advisable to include astudy of pur el V hydrographic problems with thebiological problems of marine ecology, in the pro-gram of the Scripps Institution for Biological Re-search. Accordingly in 1910 the writer commenceda study of the problems suggested by the results ofhydrographic observations off the Pacific Coast. As the conclusions reached in this investigationare based not only on hydrographic observations, z 00 Z. OeFLEcrmq Force Figure 15Figure 14 Three forces that determine Constrained motion on the the velocity of the surfacesurface of a spheroid. water. but also on recent theoretical results brought outby Nansen and Ekman, I shall begin with a briefsketch of Ekmans theory of oceanic a wind is blowing horizontally over thesurface of a large body of water. Then the waterwill move under the action of three forces, thatof the wind acting in the direction toward whichthe wind blows, that of the deflecting force due tothe earths rotation,* and that of the resistancedue to the friction of the water underneath. Hence, in order that the three forces (figure 15)may be in equilibrium, the resultant surface velocitymust be directed to the right of the wind. Thisupper layer of water will act upon the one under-neath just as the wind acts upon its upper surface,and so on downward. The mathema
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