. The Composition of sea-water : comparative and descriptive oceanography. Seawater -- Composition. SECT. 3] APPLICATIONS OF THE GYROPENDULUM 339 loading can be assessed and eliminated and those associated with the astro- nomical tide are small (Table II), it seems probable that slopes related to seasonal or longer period influences may be observed in relatively pure form. These arise, it is thought, from the regional average stress of wind on the sea surface or the climatological factors influencing the distribution of water densities within the body of the ocean. Except near coasts, where se
. The Composition of sea-water : comparative and descriptive oceanography. Seawater -- Composition. SECT. 3] APPLICATIONS OF THE GYROPENDULUM 339 loading can be assessed and eliminated and those associated with the astro- nomical tide are small (Table II), it seems probable that slopes related to seasonal or longer period influences may be observed in relatively pure form. These arise, it is thought, from the regional average stress of wind on the sea surface or the climatological factors influencing the distribution of water densities within the body of the ocean. Except near coasts, where set-up may occur, the stress of the mean wind should be accompanied by an equilibrium slope transverse to the average wind direction. Slopes associated with horizontal gradients of water density should parallel these gradients when motional equilibrium has been attained. The time required to establish an equilibrium circulation and associated sea- surface slope may range from pendulum days to many years depending upon the latitude and on whether the response of the ocean is of a barotropic or baroclinic nature (Veronis, 1956; Veronis and Stommel, 1956). As can be seen from Table II, the departures of the mean sea surface from the horizontal are so small that in good weather it has been useful to consider the average horizon as the boundary of a level surface on the earth. But the circle of the horizon does not lie at 90° to the zenith, being in excess of this due AIR COOL. 'GEOMETRICAL HORIZON. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Hill, M. N. (Maurice Neville), 1919-. New York : Interscience Pub.
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