Archive image from page 44 of The depths of the ocean. The depths of the ocean : a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic depthsofoceangen00murr Year: 1912 OCEANOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS 15 From 1886 to 1889 the Russian steamer ' Vitiaz,' under Makaroff, made a voyage round the world, during which valuable observations on the temperature and specific gravity of the waters of the North Pacific were made, and in 1890 Russian scientists, notably Lebedinzeff and Andrusoff, investi
Archive image from page 44 of The depths of the ocean. The depths of the ocean : a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic depthsofoceangen00murr Year: 1912 OCEANOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS 15 From 1886 to 1889 the Russian steamer ' Vitiaz,' under Makaroff, made a voyage round the world, during which valuable observations on the temperature and specific gravity of the waters of the North Pacific were made, and in 1890 Russian scientists, notably Lebedinzeff and Andrusoff, investi- gated the physical and biological conditions in the deep water of the Black Sea. In 1889 a German expedition on board the ' National' was despatched to the The 'Vitiaz.'' Makarofi'. Lebedinzeff and Andrusoff Observations in Black Sea. The '• National. Plankton Expedition. Professor Victor Hensen. North Atlantic, with the special object of study- ing the plankton (hence called the Plankton Ex- pedition) by improved methods, under the direction of Victor Hensen, who was ac- companied by several other scientific men. From 1890 till 1898 the Austrian steamer ' Pola ' made observa- tions in the Mediter- ranean and the Red Sea, the chemical work being in the hands of Natterer, whopublished Natterer, someinterestingresults. In 1890 systematic observations in the North Sea and adjacent waters were commenced by Swedish investiga- tors under Otto Petters- The ' Pc son and Gustav Ekman, important results as to temperature, salinity, alkalinity, currents, gases, and plankton being achieved, a summary of which was published by Pettersson in English. During the years 1893 to 1896 Nansen made his remarkable drift on board the ' Fram ' across the North Polar Sea, during which valuable oceanographical observations were taken, his soundings tending to prove that the position of the North Pole is occupied not by land but by a deep sea, as Murray had 1 Scott. Geogr. Mag., vol. x., 1S94
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