. Cassier's magazine. h percolation, but sometimeschanged in character by reason of hav-ing taken up mineral constituents ofthe soil; it is underground water thesame as spring water, but in the caseof the spring the water has found orforced a natural outlet, whereas wellshave to be dug, driven or drilled andthe. water must be lifted. Although itis usual to distinguish between shallowand deep wells, there is no sharp de-marcation between the two, and the 484 CASSIERS MAGAZINE designations shallow and deepreally refer more to the nature of thesubsoil into which a well is driventhan to the depth
. Cassier's magazine. h percolation, but sometimeschanged in character by reason of hav-ing taken up mineral constituents ofthe soil; it is underground water thesame as spring water, but in the caseof the spring the water has found orforced a natural outlet, whereas wellshave to be dug, driven or drilled andthe. water must be lifted. Although itis usual to distinguish between shallowand deep wells, there is no sharp de-marcation between the two, and the 484 CASSIERS MAGAZINE designations shallow and deepreally refer more to the nature of thesubsoil into which a well is driventhan to the depth of the well. Wellswhich are sunk to a depth of from 15to 30 feet into a superficial layer ofgravel or sand, which, in turn, rests onan impervious stratum, are consideredto be shallow wells; deep wells arethose which go through earth or rockto tap a water sheet at a greater all shallow wells must belooked upon with suspicion becausethey are liable to become, or to be,polluted, particularly in populous dis-. tricts, but not to a lesser degree onthe farm when located close to out-houses and cesspools, or to a stablefor horses or to cow barns. Shallowwells are constructed either by dig-ging a hole of sufficient diameter, andlining it after completion with stoneor brick walls—the so-called stein-ing of wells (see Fig. 1)—or else theyconsist of small wrought iron tubes,1^ to 3 inches in diameter, driven intothe ground to the depth of the under-ground supply (see Fig. 2). It shouldbe noted that the diameter of a wellhas not so great an influence on theyield of water as is commonly thought.
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