. Commercial fisheries review. Fisheries; Fish trade. 60 Nuclear Plants Smelt seem to require narrow ranges of water temperature. Recent industrial devel- opment in this section of the river, however, has led to proposals for installing large thermal nuclear electric plants. These plants can alter local river temperatures. Two such plants proposed for above Cowlitz River lie directly in migration route of smelt that ascend Kalama and Lewis River and of other anadromous species in Columbia. Thermal nuclear plants require large quantities of water to cool their condensers. For each unit of heat
. Commercial fisheries review. Fisheries; Fish trade. 60 Nuclear Plants Smelt seem to require narrow ranges of water temperature. Recent industrial devel- opment in this section of the river, however, has led to proposals for installing large thermal nuclear electric plants. These plants can alter local river temperatures. Two such plants proposed for above Cowlitz River lie directly in migration route of smelt that ascend Kalama and Lewis River and of other anadromous species in Columbia. Thermal nuclear plants require large quantities of water to cool their condensers. For each unit of heat converted into elec- tricity, two units of heat are ejected into adjacent waterways. Without "offstream" cooling facilities, these plants could discharge large quantities of heated water directly into path of migrat- ing fish. Fortunately, one company has an- nounced plans to install cooling towers to prevent discharge of all but 15 of waste heat into river. Studies Underway The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) initiated an investigation to deter- mine what effect temperature increases would have on aquatic animals and plants between Kalama and Longview, Wash. NMFS is coop- erating closely with State and Federal agen- cies to investigate effects of thermal pollu- tion on anadromous fish such as salmon, trout, sturgeon, shad, and smelt in the Columbia River. During August 1967, a covered barge was towed to Carter's Marina, Prescott, Oreg., and converted to a modern aquatic research laboratory to determine thermal tolerance of anadromous fish. The laboratory uses Co- lumbia River water, cooling or heating it with chillers or heaters in a once-through system. Fish are taken with purse seines, beach seines, trawl nets, and dip nets. The fish are subjected to increases in water temperature to determine lethal and sublethal levels for eggs, fry, and adults. During winter 1968, adult smelt were ex- amined to determine their thermal tolerance. Fish exposed 1 ho
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