. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1979 Roberts and Lewin: Amphibian Populations. Alberta 151 55 50 45 40 CO llI 35- m IS z 30 z < m 25H X Q. < 20- 10- 5- KEY HABITAT types; 1 Water Wet 2 Sedge Fen 3 Grass Meadow 4 Willow-bog 5 Aspen Poplar 6 Black Spruce 7 White Spruce 8 Upland Mixed Wood 9 Jack Pine Dry BOREAL CHORUS FROG SYMBOLS; 15- 10- 5 0- ^ Adults (N = I5) j Yearlings (N = IO) Young-of-year (N = 5) JSL .EZL :2 ^ ^2^ I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MAY 23456789 123456 JUNE JULY HABITAT TYPES 7 8 9. Figure 3. Habitat utilization by Boreal Chorus Frogs in northeastern Alberta during May-August 1977. t
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1979 Roberts and Lewin: Amphibian Populations. Alberta 151 55 50 45 40 CO llI 35- m IS z 30 z < m 25H X Q. < 20- 10- 5- KEY HABITAT types; 1 Water Wet 2 Sedge Fen 3 Grass Meadow 4 Willow-bog 5 Aspen Poplar 6 Black Spruce 7 White Spruce 8 Upland Mixed Wood 9 Jack Pine Dry BOREAL CHORUS FROG SYMBOLS; 15- 10- 5 0- ^ Adults (N = I5) j Yearlings (N = IO) Young-of-year (N = 5) JSL .EZL :2 ^ ^2^ I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MAY 23456789 123456 JUNE JULY HABITAT TYPES 7 8 9. Figure 3. Habitat utilization by Boreal Chorus Frogs in northeastern Alberta during May-August 1977. the water's edge (Figure 4). The Canadian Toad was common at only three of the 17 sites studied. Each of the three sites included poplar forest and grass and two of the three included willows. It is of note that each site was associated with a river or lake rather than a temporary or small permanent pond. Stebbins (1954) states that this species occurs in Transition and lower Boreal life zones (Transition and Canadian life zones of Soper(1964)), in the vicinity of lakes and streams. Underbill (1961) and Henrich (1968) regard the Canadian Toad as a water-adapted species (, less terrestrial than most bufonids) of prairie ponds and lakes. Breckenridge and Tester (1961) found that this was the only toad species present in habitat vegetated by aspen, willows, bluestem {Andropogon spp.), and grasses adjacent to a lake. This species is not a forest inhabitant but resides within damp open areas adjacent to water bodies. Its association with lakes and flowing water may be in response to its ability to utilize them as spawning and rearing habitats. In such habitats this species is subject to a minimum of competitive interactions with other anurans which are unable to reproduce success- fully there. Canadian Toads are seldom found far from water. Breckenridge and Tester (1961) found that only a few toads were captured in a trap m (200 ft) from the water margin while over 80% of th
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